Adhesives Design Toolkit

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Introduction, Selection and Standard Terminology

ASTM D 907–04: Standard Terminology of Adhesives

This standard is a compilation of definitions used in the science and technology of the adhesives industry. Terms that are generally understood or adequately defined in other readily available sources are not included.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 907–04: Standard Terminology of Adhesives, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 6465–99: Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants

This guide is intended to assist design engineers, manufacturing/industrial engineers, and production managers in selecting the best-fit adhesive/sealant or bonding/sealing process. The guide takes into account environmental pollution prevention and occupational health and safety factors in a selection process. This guide is not to be considered as a database of acceptable materials. It will guide the engineers and managers through the adhesive/sealant material selection process, calling for engineers to customize their selection based on the bonding or sealing performance requirements for the specified application. A comprehensive selection process will allow for the establishment of a more efficient production process, and may eliminate unnecessary process steps. A total life cycle cost analysis or performance/cost of implementation study is recommended to compare the available alternatives.

The guide is for aerospace and general-purpose operations. It is not intended to be used for automotive, carpet, construction, electronics, medical/dental, optical, or structural and non-structural wood applications. Note that this guide is not specifically for these applications, but the general methodology may be used in the selection process for these applications.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 6465–99: Standard Guide for Selecting Aerospace and General Purpose Adhesives and Sealants, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

Environmental Conditioning and Durability

ASTM D 618–00: Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing

In general, the physical and electrical properties of plastics are influenced by temperature and relative humidity in a manner that materially affects test results. In order that reliable comparisons may be made of different materials and between different laboratories, it is necessary to standardize the humidity conditions, as well as the temperature, to which specimens of these materials are subjected prior to and during testing. This practice defines procedures for conditioning plastics (although not necessarily to equilibrium) prior to testing, and the conditions under which they shall be tested. For some materials, there may be a material specification that requires the use of this practice, but with some procedural modifications. The material specification takes precedence over this practice. Refer to the material specification before using this practice. Table 1 in ASTM D 4000 lists the ASTM material specifications that currently exist.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 618–00: Standard Practice for Conditioning Plastics for Testing, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 1151–00: Standard Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature on Adhesive Bonds

This practice defines conditions for determining the performance of adhesive bonds when subjected to continuous exposure at specified conditions of moisture and temperature. The performance is expressed as a percentage based on the ratio of strength retained after exposure to the original strength.

Extracted, with permission, fromASTM D 1151–00: Standard Practice for Effect of Moisture and Temperature on Adhesive Bonds, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 1183–03: Standard Practices for Resistance of Adhesives to Cyclic Laboratory Aging Conditions

These practices cover the determination of the resistance of adhesives to cyclic accelerated service conditions by exposing bonded specimens to conditions of high and low temperatures and high and low relative humidities. The extent of degradation is determined from changes in strength properties as a result of exposure to the test conditions (Note 1). It is recognized that no accelerated procedure for degrading materials correlates perfectly with actual service conditions, and that no single or small group of laboratory test conditions will simulate all actual service conditions. Consequently, care must be exercised in the interpretation and use of data obtained in this practice. The test condition, the number of cycles of the test condition to be used, the particular strength property to be used to determine the extent of degradation, and whether test specimens or test panels are to be used, is specified in the material specification.

Note 1: These practices/conditions are intended for use with specimens described in the approved ASTM strength test methods for adhesives as follows:

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 1183–03: Standard Practices for Resistance of Adhesives to Cyclic Laboratory Aging Conditions, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 1828–01: Standard Practice for Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-Bonded Joints and Structures

This practice defines the procedure for the direct exposure of adhesive bonded joints and structures to natural atmospheric environments. The procedure for sheltered atmospheric exposure, such as a Stevenson screen (see ASTM D 896 and ASTM D 897) of adhesive-bonded joints and specimens is the same except for the requirements of facing south and measurement of solar radiation. This practice is limited to the procedure by which samples are exposed and does not cover the tests that may be used to evaluate the effects of atmospheric exposure on these adhesive-bonded joints and structures. These samples could be any one of several varieties (a complete structure for test, a section of a structure for test, a complete structure or section with strength observations on specimens cut there from, test specimens themselves, or any of the above, mounted under stress). Suitable test methods for evaluation of the effects of exposure include non-destructive qualitative or quantitative observations on the same sample at prescribed intervals, or destructive tests on separate sets of specimens in accordance with such tests as ASTM D 1002.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 1828–01: Standard Practice for Atmospheric Exposure of Adhesive-Bonded Joints and Structures, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 2918–99: Standard Test Method for Durability Assessment of Adhesive Joints Stressed in Peel

This test method provides data for assessing the durability of adhesive joints by means of T-peel type specimens stressed in contact with air, air in equilibrium with certain solutions, water, aqueous solutions, or other environments at various temperatures.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 2918–99: Standard Test Method for Durability Assessment of Adhesive Joints Stressed in Peel, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 2919–01: Standard Test Method for Determining Durability of Adhesive Joints Stressed in Shear by Tension Loading

This test method provides data for assessing the durability of adhesive lap-shear joints while stressed in contact with air, air in equilibrium with certain solutions, water, aqueous solutions, or other environments at various temperatures.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 2919–01: Standard Test Method for Determining Durability of Adhesive Joints Stressed in Shear by Tension Loading, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 2295–96 (2002): Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading at Elevated Temperatures (Metal-to-Metal)

This test method covers the determination of the comparative shear strengths of adhesives for bonding metals when tested on a standard specimen and under specified conditions of preparation and testing at elevated temperatures. The test method is applicable to the temperature range from 315 to 850°C (600 to 1500°F).

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 2295–96 (2002): Standard Test Method for Strength Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading at Elevated Temperatures (Metal-to-Metal), copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 2557–98 (2004): Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55°C (-450 to -67°F)

This test method covers the determination of the comparative shear strength of adhesives for bonding metals when tested on a standard specimen and under specified conditions of preparation and testing at extreme subzero temperatures. The test method is applicable to the temperature range from -267.8 to -55°C (-450 to -67°F).

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 2557–98 (2004): Standard Test Method for Tensile-Shear Strength of Adhesives in the Subzero Temperature Range from -267.8 to -55°C (-450 to -67°F), copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 3166–99: Standard Test Method for Fatigue Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading (Metal/Metal)

This test method covers the measurement of fatigue strength in shear by tension loading of adhesives on a standard specimen and under specified conditions of preparation, loading, and testing.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 3166–99: Standard Test Method for Fatigue Properties of Adhesives in Shear by Tension Loading (Metal/Metal), copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 3762–03: Standard Test Method for Adhesive-Bonded Surface Durability of Aluminium (Wedge Test)

This test methodsimulates in a qualitative manner the forces and effects on an adhesive bond joint at metal-adhesive/primer interface. It has proven to be highly reliable in determining and predicting the environmental durability of adherend surface preparations. The method has proven to be correlatable with service performance in a manner that is much more reliable than conventional lap shear or peel tests.

Note 1: While this test method is intended for use in aluminium-to-aluminium applications it may be used for determining surface durability of other metals and plastics provided consideration is given to thickness and rigidity of the adherends.

Note 2: This test method is not a quantitative fracture strength test method. To measure fracture strength see ASTM D 3433.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 3762–03: Standard Test Method for Adhesive-Bonded Surface Durability of Aluminium (Wedge Test), copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

Surface Treatments

ASTM D 2093–03: Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive Bonding

This practice describes surface preparations for plastic adherends, to be used prior to adhesive bonding of test specimens. It should be noted, however, that this practice specifies only the pretreating conditions of the plastic and does not cover the preparation of test specimens, testing conditions, or evaluation of tests. These are covered in the various ASTM test methods or specifications for specific materials.

Physical Treatments (for example, sanding and solvent wiping) are used in order to remove the glossy finish and all traces of dirt, grease, mould release, or other contaminants from the bonding surfaces.

Chemical Treatments (for example, sulphuric acid dichromate solution and sodium naphthalene complex) are used in some cases to alter chemically the surface layers of the polymer itself to improve its adhesion characteristics.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 2093–03: Standard Practice for Preparation of Surfaces of Plastics Prior to Adhesive Bonding, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 2094–00; Standard Practice for Preparation of Bar and Rod Specimens for Adhesion Tests

This practice describes bar- and rod-type butt-joined adhesion test specimens and procedures for preparing and bonding them. The specimens are intended to be used with various adherend materials in like or unlike combinations for determining the strength properties of adhesives in accordance with Test Method D2095.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 2094–00; Standard Practice for Preparation of Bar and Rod Specimens for Adhesion Tests, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 2651–01: Standard Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding

This guide covers procedures that have proved satisfactory for preparing various wrought metal surfaces for adhesive bonding. It does not address the preparation of cast metals. Surface preparation methods are included for the following metals: aluminium alloys; stainless steel; carbon steel; titanium alloys; magnesium alloys; copper and copper alloys.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 2651–01: Standard Guide for Preparation of Metal Surfaces for Adhesive Bonding, copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.

ASTM D 3933–98 (2004): Standard Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Surfaces for Structural Adhesives Bonding (Phosphoric Acid Anodising)

This guide describes the requirements for phosphoric acid anodising of aluminium and its alloys for structural adhesive bonding.

Extracted, with permission, from ASTM D 3933–98 (2004): Standard Guide for Preparation of Aluminum Surfaces for Structural Adhesives Bonding (Phosphoric Acid Anodising), copyright ASTM International, 100 Barr Harbor Drive, West Conshohocken, PA 19428. A copy of the complete standard may be purchased from ASTM International, phone:610-832-9585, fax: 610-832-9555, e-mail: service@astm.org, website: www.astm.org.